Land of Pharoahs( Madison Florida, Georgia) by  Scott on April 21st, 2005 3:54 PM
         RE: Land of Pharoahs( Madison Florida, Georgia) by  Scott on April 25th, 2005 2:42 PM
         RE: Land of Pharoahs( Madison Florida, Georgia) by  Scott on April 27th, 2005 10:36 AM
         RE: Land of Pharoahs( Madison Florida, Georgia) by  Scott on April 27th, 2005 4:09 PM
         RE: Land of Pharoahs( Madison Florida, Georgia) by  SCOTT on May 3rd, 2005 4:15 PM
         RE: Land of Pharoahs( Madison Florida, Georgia) by  Scott on May 3rd, 2005 4:27 PM
         RE: Land of Pharoahs( Madison Florida, Georgia) by  Scott on September 19th, 2005 6:22 PM
         RE: Land of Pharoahs( Madison Florida, Georgia) by  Scott on September 20th, 2005 7:19 PM
         RE: Land of Pharoahs( Madison Florida, Georgia) by  Scott on September 21st, 2005 1:55 PM
                 RE: RE: Land of Pharoahs( Madison Florida, Georgia) by  Scott on March 20th, 2006 12:30 PM
         RE: Land of Pharoahs( Madison Florida, Georgia) by  Scott on March 20th, 2006 4:19 PM

Author: Scott (209.40.17.---)
Date: April 21st, 2005 3:54:47 PM EST

Some info prior to the Civil War: When the Colonists were sent here, English loyalists were sent to the Northern Colonies, and Scottish, Welsh, and Irish to the Southern Colonies. The rivalries between Scotland and England, and Ireland?England were transported here as well. For ten years prior to the Civil War, insults went back and forth between the Anglo-Saxon North, and the Celtic South ending in Civil War. On some old census records, Scots are shown as"Mulatto" for their dark skin, which they responded by informing all their origin was Egypt. Scotland is said to be named for a Pharoah's daughter, Scotta, who went to Ireland and the area with some Egyptians. The Scots had pride in their origin and is why there is a town named ,Cairo in Georgia and the Arabian mountains in Georgia. Also, in Florida the town of Port Said exists after PortSaid, Egypt which was founded in 1859. This town was named so all would know the Civil War here was for the same reason as the Civil War in Egypt in 1859, a war between two different peoples, the Egyptian Coptic People, original Egyptians fought a Civil War against the Arab Muslims who invaded a long time ago. The Civil War here was for the same reason, a war between two different peoples, the Anglo-Saxon North against the Celtic South. New England was said to be more English than England itself. A glance of the Northern map will show the names of towns and Counties with Saxon names, Kent and so forth. A glance of the Southern map will show the opposite, Celtic origin. A recent film entitled "Pharoahs Army" could not be more misleading. Yes, peoples of both origins were on both sides ;however, the South was primarily Celtic with pride in their believed heritage from Egypt. In Georgia and Madison County, Florida there were people whose first name was"Pharoah." When the Confederate Secretary of War, J.P. Benjamin, who was Jewish,escaped through Georgia and Madison County, Florida, my grandfather born in Madison in the 1890's told me that a bible story was told there, he said the bible story told there was" the jews weren't fleeing the Pharoah's Army of Egypt, the jews were fleeing the Armies of Lincoln through the Land of Pharoahs." This is a story passed to me from family who were there.
Jefferson Davis was Welsh, Celtic and the Assistant Secretary of War, George Deas, Scottish, also Cetic. The Secretary of War, J.P. Benjamin being Jewish I'm guessing Deas and Benjamin matched the Pharoah's daughter said to be Jewish and Egyptian , also the mother of Jesus. Perhaps the religous scholars could provide more info on Scotta. For the ten years leading up to the war, names places and origins were all the debate and John Wilkes Booth baggin Lincoln was no different, a John Wilkes Booth was in the 8th Florida as well as Davenports shown on the advertisement for the play at Fords theater. Adding further fuel was Lewis Powell from Suwannee being with J.W. Booth. Peolple, places and events were all added in to J.W. Booth baggin Lincoln. The director of the F.B.I. reopened the investigation in 1941 claiming J.W.Booth had never been captured ;however, I'm guessing it had more to do with the Germans and Jews since the story was still being told of the jews fleeing the Armies of Lincoln through the land of Pharoahs. They came to my house as a kid seeking info so I'm sharing the story with all. And personally, I think Ole Abe was one ugly Yankee.

Author: Scott (209.40.17.---)
Date: April 25th, 2005 2:42:53 PM EST

I'd like to provide some further information in support of what was passed to me and in support of the Civil War being a war between two different peoples, an Anglo-Saxon North vs a Celtic South. In the Northern Navy, ships were given names of Southern origin: U.S.S. Cairo, U.S.S. Annie Deas and several more which can be found in the Rebellion Archives. These vessels, and others also were also in the C.S.S. Navy. Enough Northern vessels were named of Southern origin, Celtic and Egyptian to clearly indicate the U.S. was trying to mend the divisions between the Anglo North and Celtic South that ultimately ended in War. Nowhere are vessels named to influence a change of heart toward slavery with the South in mind, but in numerous cases are vessels named to appeal to the South that their seperate heritage is welcome by the U.S. Furthermore, Deas means South in Gaelic so George Deas' selection as Assistant Secretary of War along with Jeff Davis being Celtic clearly indicates a statement was being made by the Southern President himself, that the South was under the government of a Celtic government or the matching of Deas and Benjamin to the Pharoahs' daughter indicates origin most definately played a major role in the events leading up to the Civil War. The statement being made was the South's origin being Egypt as opposed to the Norths being Anglo Saxon.
Additional info passed to me was the assasination of Lincoln was staged to shift the focus of the War to slavery. Had the war ended as began, the divisions would have remained sure as England, and Ireland. A U.S. General Saxon in Florida had suggested to Washington to make Florida a free state for the freed slaves after the war. He suggested moving them from all States to Florida. No doubt as he traveled throughout Florida this was told. Abraham Lincoln's first name, Abraham, was the person I think god gave all the lands to the Israelites. Bear in mind religion was a big factor in the war.The Deas family was a prominent family in history, James Deas having been the first Secretary of State and Annie Deas playing a role there as well. Not to mention supplying George Washington's army with materials. When names from the advertisement and Booth as well as Lewis Powell matched North Florida origin, the word"Quarterroon" on the advertisement brought slavery into play .When this occurred, the Deas family were also well known for a history in the slave business as well. The assasination of Lincoln is where the slave issue during the war emerged.
I write the above being North Florida played a significant role in the ending of the Civil War. Many families of the Confederate Government were sent to North Florida during the war for protection since the North was never able to penetrate into this area. The railroad bridge over the Suwannee at Ellaville was never captured and continues to be a source of pride to the people there to this day.
J.W. Booths private diary was released in 1978 after all that time and Lewis Powell's remains were returned to his family in North Florida sometime 1990's. He was hung in Baltimore and kept in the Smithsonian until recently. May all involved rest in peace.

Author: Scott (209.40.17.---)
Date: April 27th, 2005 10:36:44 AM EST

I'd like to provide a link to the Rebellion Archives as well as other books journals etc. in Cornell University that can be searched to document the above.
The lists of Northern ships can be searched by entering" list of ships" or enter
a name from the conflict that occurred prior to the war: Pharoah, Cairo,witch etc. anything of Celtic origin and one will see the conflict was origin, not slavery, that ended in Civil War.
Regarding Lincoln, and the Southern Government having religion as a strong influence , and corroborrating Jeff Davis making a statement with Benjamin and Deas, here is a link to a play from the above resources that supports what I was told by family:http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fnwng%2Fnwng0051%2F&tif=00303.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DABQ0722-0051-41

I' ve provided the stories passed to me and the resources to research them.
Take care to all, and may the truth finally come to light.

Author: Scott (209.40.17.---)
Date: April 27th, 2005 4:09:14 PM EST

One further URL to support the above. This page discussess South Carolina's plea to Florida to seize the Forts in Florida and control the trade two months before Abe was put in office. Note they mention the money that can be aquired by the California Gold Steamers. The Walkers were a prominent and rich family in Florida with deep roots in slavery. Take a look at a chart of the waters just of West Palm Beach and North of Grand Bahama, there are three cays there lined up, Walker, Carter, and Powell Cay followed by treasure Cay. Florida was third to join the Confederacy and three ships were commanded by Raphael Semmes, the
Alabama, Florida, and Sumter. Note, the first plea to Florida involved money, and the first shots fired at Fort Sumter. It ended badly with the final shot at Abe by Booth with Powell in company. These coincidences along with Walkers well known and their slavery coupled with what was supposed to be not being shifted focus to slavery and anger at all families associated with wealth. The three cays indicate the direction the Walker, Carter, Powell families went, Charleston, South Carolina which is where Fort Sumter is located. Incidently,
Littleberry Walker Carter was Jimmy Carters great Granddad, two of the Cays, and Jody Powell his press secretary, small world. Littleberry Walker lived next door to Carter in South Carolina. Booths diary was released during the Carter administration Jimmy was the first person from a Southern State elected President since the Civil War. Also , Jimmy twice invited the Egyptian Coptic Church leader to the White House during his administration. Here is the URL for the report: http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-... [cornell.edu]

Author: SCOTT (209.40.17.---)
Date: May 3rd, 2005 4:15:53 PM EST

I'd like to reitterate the importance of the ships Captained by Raphael Semmes: the C.S.S. Florida, Sumter and Alabama. The name of Semmes was widely known and hated by the North for the damage caused to Northen ships by Semmes. The U.S. Naval Historical Center in Washington says" Raphael Semmes destroyed the entire U.S. Merchant Marine Fleet all by hisself during the Civil War." In the Rebellion Archives of Cornell, just enter" Semmes" and you'll see he was the most sought after man on the 7 seas.
By involving Lewis Powell, from Florida, all three of those ships became part of the debate after the War, Everyone knew of the C.S.S. Florida, so Powell from Florida brought up the destruction to the North by it, also Powell's mother's
name was Caroline, calling attention "South Carolina" the three Cays pointed at Fort Sumter, another ship under Semmes, and finally, Powell's family was from Alabama, another ship under Semmes. The selection of Powell allowed the destruction caused by the War to be showed to have occurred to both sides. Interesting how Florida entered the war with shipping at the point of entry, not to mention Florida was the only State Washington was informed to send all the freed slaves from all the Southern States to after the War, and the war ended with Florida in the spotlight with Lewis Powell that brought into argument the destruction shared by both sides. Most fortunate Powell just happened to escape since his involvement was crucial to healing wounds from the War.
Here is URL to a Census of Gadson County, Florida 1850. Am unsure if it is Col. David Lang's family but I think so, notice also Pharoah Poppel on the census who died in 1862 in Richmond the same year as J.W. Booth in the 8th. Notice the Strickland family who also had a member named Pharoah Strickland probably known to Lang. I think Pharoah Poppel jr. died Christmas in Richmond , have seen other dates, but I think it was Christmas. Maybe his family could confirm. The Poppels had relocated to Madison in 1860, but this is why the area was called the "Land of Pharoahs." Also note Lang's wife name "Caroline", same as Powell's and Martha the same as J.W.Booth's of the 8th. All of these Census Records were in Northern hands for the War so the ending of the War could easily have been staged with Powell being a critical player. Most fortunate he managed to escape.

Author: Scott (209.40.17.---)
Date: May 3rd, 2005 4:27:02 PM EST

Sorry folks, forgot to provide URL to 1850 Census of Gadson County, Florida. I'm in a rush, will get back with you for URL. Also, note the Booth familys living in the area. Have to run .

Author: Scott (209.40.17.---)
Date: September 19th, 2005 6:22:40 PM EST

Here is a link to some information on the Scotish Egyptian Pharaohs' Daughter Scota, story. http://www.sacredconnection.ndo.co.... [co.uk]
During the 1850s, Egypt was fully discussed as a consequence of the books and research done when Napolean invaded Egypt. Careful records were kept and they are now in the National Library of Scotland.
Here is a link to the Egyptian Coptic Church which has its origin at the time ancient Egypt turned Christian, http://www.suscopts.org/copt/histor... [suscopts.org]
Pharoah Poppells death date 25Dec.1862 marks the origin of the Coptic Church, from the Pharoahs time to Christianity. He died at Ft. Jackson Florida, correction from the above.
Hurricanes Charley and Frances painted the Cross of St. Andrew from the Confederate Battle Flag across the entire State of Florida last year, so I for one can understand how Madison became the "land of Pharoahs."

Author: Scott (209.40.17.---)
Date: September 20th, 2005 7:19:03 PM EST

In the above, I mentioned the North being Anglo Saxon and the South Celtic,
New England being said to be more English than England itself,here is the reference for that information :is found on page 39 of the reference, "Anglo Saxon Race" http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-... [cornell.edu]

Note: The date 1851. During this ten years before the war, Enlish V/ Celtic
went back and forth.

Also during this time period, the books from Napolean documenting Egypt were very much in the media of the time, also, discovery of the first Pharaohs' tomb was made during this time as well as the theft of the Codex bible from Egypt
occurred as well. These events much dominated the media of the time
I provide the above info because it was what influenced our families, also,
it is about time North Florida heritage be known.

Author: Scott (209.40.17.---)
Date: September 21st, 2005 1:55:43 PM EST

I'm guessing the Northerners were stating the storms hitting the South were punishment for not freeing the slaves the same as the Pharaoh not freeing the Jews, and with people named Pharoah in Georgia and Florida, naturally the area being called the "Land of Pharaohs" resulted. I was told Madison County was called the "Land of Pharoahs', but I think probably the whole of North Florida was.Was some time ago when I was told the story, and have been researching for 7 years what I recall with info left and have been filling in the missing info with a great deal of research, but I hope to tell the story that has yet to be told. Evidence of that is Roosevelts appointment of Bonaparte from Baltimore as Attorney General of the U.S. Bonaparte was probably present when Powell was hung. Many Floridians fought and died in Cuba for Cuba to be a Confederate State
well after the Civil War. An agreement was signed with Cuba for that to be so. Others from Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennesse and New York fought there also.
It was the second "alamo" and is why Cuba is called the "Republic of Cuba" after the "Republic of Texas. The flag of Cuba was designed by a Confederate Veteran. Only after the sinking of the Maine, did the military take over. Roosevelt
had his people in North Florida, and Hamilton County was where the civilian fighters assembled before the military took over. Napolean Bonaparte was who orginated all the interest prior to the Civil War in Egypt and there were some rather large race wars in North Florida after the war, but Bonapartes first order of business was an argument in the Supreme Court involving a racial incident, and his name tied to both Powell and Egypt as well as Roosevelt being in Hamilton County where he no doubt heard of the "Land of Pharaohs," I expect the people of North Florida took the appointment as an "implied" threat by Roosevelt to invade the "Land of Pharahs" as Napolean Bonaparte had. With some assistance from folk out there, that can probably be verified in the papers of the time, circa 1897 or so. Incidentally, the people were stiffed in the deal, Cuba was supposed to be a Soverign Confederate State in the 1890's, agreement signed, but Roosevelt stiffed the civilians and agreed to a military base, Guantanamo Bay.
Back to the Civil War: George Deas, Ass't Secretary of War had a counterpart over in Scotland, George Deas Ass't General of Scotland, also a judge by the same name and an archeoligist of the same name who, in 1865, at the wars' end,
documented some Pictish Artifacts in a Scottish Cave. Records are in the Natinal Library of Scotland for some of the above. Point, England built ships for the Confederacy and at least one I am aware of came from Scotland. Records left by my family identify a deas family member of mine as, "Pharoahs Daughter". Just after the war she was identified as such. Only to aid in unravelling what occurred obviosly.
George Deas in Scotland, then Jeff Davis' appointment of George Deas from the Confederate States as Ass't Sec. of War in Richmond I think is the link I was lookin for that transplants Scotlands ties to Egypt, to North Florida and Georgia being called the 'Land of Pharaohs." And indicates Jeff Davis' identifying a "holy land " of sort in the area. St. Andrews Cross from the Flag of Scotland is also on the Confederate Battle Flag.
George Deas, while a Colonel, went into the Eastern Shore of Maryland and set up the Confederate Regiment of the Eastern Shore under orders of R.E. Lee.
This happened to be John Wilkes Booths neighborhood.
I expect the storms were cited as punishment and it grew from there until at the end where a story from the Bible was played out.
Also, the Nan Nan whos Captain was alias"Barney" probably named after Captain Joshua Barney who was Captain of the George Washington which was the fastest ship in the American Revolution changed the name of Nan Nan to Little Lily around the same time the U.S.S. George Washington was captured in South Carolina. The man in charge in South Carolina was General Saxton, the same name as Gen. Saxton in Florida who spoke to D.C. about bringing all the freed slaves to Florida. I think I miss identified him above. General Sax. from S.Carolina may have been sent to Florida and this would explain the Nan Nan changing to L.Little because the Captain felt the ship changing names would ease the pressure off his being caught for retribution of the G.Washington in S.Carolina.
Point:G. Saxton suggesting all the slaves to Florida indicates knowledge of Florida being the Land of Pharaohs, the storms and his acting out the part of Moses.
Here is the link to Scotland National Library: http://www.nra.nationalarchives.gov... [gov.uk]

To all out there, what is written in the above 7 comments is quite accurate, and I ask any and all to contribute. Without doubt, articles exist I've not read and seek assistance

One final point, the ties to Pharaoh were not concealed at all, and were supported by the people of Georgia and North Florida, including the Pagan Heritage. Take Care and keep it flyin

Author: Scott (---.ga.at.cox.net)
Date: March 20th, 2006 12:30:16 PM EST

If I can copy paste the following info I will try: It worked. Below is all the info to corroborate the above. Also in some colonial records, the name "Pharoah" appeared just before the American Revolution which supports what was also done at the time of the Civil War, two different peoples with two different religous histories. The name first appears here in 164? on the Isle of Wight, Virginia. The info below played into the Civil War as well. Take care all, Scott.

Colonial Families of the United States of America: Volume 6
Lineage

The name of JEFFRIES means “at peace with God.” The family of today are descendants in the thirty-fifth generation of the Earls of Chester. These earls of Chester were heirs to the Heptarch Kingdom of Mercia, whose monarchs sprang from fusion of the royal lines of the conquering Anglo-Saxons, the Bretwalds or overlords of Britain; the Lords of the Roman folk; and the line of TEA TEPHI, daughter of Zedekiah, last King of Judah, who fled to Ireland where she married HEREMON EOCHAID, King of Ireland and grandson of the Egyptian Pharoah, as shown in the Biblical and Jewish records, which descent is as follows:
View Full Context

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Colonial Families of the United States of America: Volume 6
Lineage
page 326
ZEDEKIAH (whose name was changed from MATHANICAH by the King of Babylon); King of Judah, 619-587 B.C.; being the last of the Kings; his dau. TEA TEPHI who flourished 580 B.C.; m. Heremon EOCHAID, King of Ireland (gd. son to the Egyptian Pharoah mentioned in the Exodus, whose dau. SCOTA, m. MILESIUS, father of Heremon [p.326] EOCHAID, supra), who reigned fifteen years; she took with her the Stone of Scone (the Pillow of Rock used by JACOB when he had his historical dream), which today remains with her descendants, the Kings of Great Britain and Ireland and is used at their coronations.

Author: Scott (---.ga.at.cox.net)
Date: March 20th, 2006 4:19:27 PM EST

Final Entry on the Pharoah:

Below is some info on how the Pharoah originating on Isle of Wight, Virginia was carried throughout both the American Revolution and the Civil War:

The Isle of Wight of Kent England was home to people of Jutish ancestry where the other area was Anglo Saxon, who had invaded . Pharoah Cobb from Isle of Wight Virginia 1600's started something that lasted two hundred years:

Footnotes

Introduction

1 Swanton, p. xxi.

2 Little is known for certain about Gildas (fl. 6th century); most likely a cleric, and a highly educated one at that, Gildas was the author of a treatise called De excidio Britanniae (On the Ruin of Britain), which recounts the afflictions and invasions suffered by the Romano-Celtic Britons as a result of their myriad sins. The following passage from De excidio tells of the coming of the Germanic tribes to Britain:

And they [the Britons] convened a council to decide the best and soundest way to counter the brutal and repeated invasions and plunderings by the peoples I have mentioned.
Then all the members of the council, together with the proud tyrant, were struck blind; the guard -- or rather the method of destruction -- they devised for our land was that the ferocious Saxons (name not to be spoken!), hated by man and God, should be let into the island like wolves into the fold, to beat back the peoples of the north. Nothing more destructive, nothing more bitter has ever befallen the land. How utter the blindness of their minds! How desperate and crass the stupidity! Of their own free will they invited under the same roof a people whom they feared worse than death even in their absence -- 'the silly princes of Zoan', as has been said, 'giving foolish advice to Pharoah.'
Then a pack of cubs burst forth from the lair of the barbarian lioness, coming in three keels, as they call warships in their language. The winds were favourable; favourable too the omens and auguries, which prophesied, according to a sure portent among them, that they would live for three hundred years in the land towards which their prows were directed, and that for half the time, a hundred and fifty years, they would repeatedly lay it waste.
On the orders of the ill-fated tyrant, they first of all fixed their dreadful claws on the east side of the island, ostensibly to fight for our country, in fact to fight against it. The mother lioness learnt that her first contingent had prospered, and she sent a second and larger troop of satellite dogs. It arrived by ship, and joined up with the false units. Hence the sprig of iniquity, the root of bitterness, the virulent plant that our merits so well deserved, sprouted in our soil with savage shoots and tendrils. The barbarians who had been admitted to the island asked to be given supplies, falsely representing themselves as soldiers ready to undergo extreme dangers for their excellent hosts. The supplies were granted, and for a long time 'shut the dog's mouth'. Then they again complained that their monthly allowance was insufficient, purposely giving a false colour to individual incidents, and swore that they would break their agreement and plunder the whole island unless more lavish payment were heaped on them. There was no delay: they put their threats into immediate effect.

(trans. Winterbottom, pp. 26-27)

See also Giles's translation, available on The Camelot Project; Giles supplies the name of the "proud tyrant" as Gurthrigern (Vortigern).

3 Bede (c. 673-735), who spent his life as a monk at the twin monastery Monkwearmouth-Jarrow, is justifiably regarded as the most accomplished Latin writer of the Anglo-Saxon period, and among the greatest Christian intellectuals of the post-Patristic age. Today he is best known for his long historical work entitled Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People), completed around 731. The following passage from Historia ecclesiastica (which Bede adapted from Gildas' De excidio) was the source for the Chronicle entries pertaining to Vortigern:

In the year of our Lord 449 Marcian, forty-sixth from Augustus, became emperor with Valentinian and ruled for seven years. At that time the race of the Angles or Saxons, invited by Vortigern, came to Britain in three warships and by his command were granted a place of settlement in the eastern part of the island, ostensibly to fight on behalf of the country, but their real intention was to conquer it. First they fought against the enemy who attacked from the north and the Saxons won the victory. A report of this as well as of the fertility of the island and the slackness of the Britons reached their homes and at once a much larger fleet was sent over with a stronger band of warriors; this, added to the contingent already there, made an invincible army. The newcomers received from the Britons a grant of land in their midst on condition that they fought against their foes for the peace and safety of the country, and for this the soldiers were also to receive pay.
They came from three very powerful Germanic tribes, the Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. The people of Kent and the inhabitants of the Isle of Wight are of Jutish origin and also those opposite the Isle of Wight, that part of the kingdom of Wessex which is still today called the nation of the Jutes. From the Saxon country, that is, the district now known as Old Saxony, came the East Saxons, the South Saxons, and the West Saxons. Besides this, from the country of the Angles, that is, the land between the kingdoms of the Jutes and the Saxons, which is called Angulus, came the East Angles, the Middle Angles, the Mercians, and all the Northumbrian race (that is those people who dwell north of the river Humber) as well as the other Anglian tribes. Angulus is said to have remained deserted from that day to this. Their first leaders are said to have been two brothers, Hengist and Horsa. Horsa was afterwards killed in battle by the Britons, and in the eastern part of Kent there is still a monument bearing his name. They were the sons of Wihtgisl, son of Witta, son of Wecta, son of Woden, from whose stock the royal families of many kingdoms claimed their descent.

(trans. Colgrave and Mynors, pp. 49-51.)

Bede adds considerably to Gildas' account. He supplies specific information, such as the names of the two Roman rulers (probably to lend the episode more historical credibility) and the name of the British ruler Vortigern (who is referred to simply as superbus tyrannus, or "supreme ruler," in Gildas).

4 For another early account of the Adventus Saxorum, see also The History of the Britons (c. 800), usually attributed to one called 'Nennius.'

5 Swanton, p. xxi.

6 Many editors of Old English texts staunchly retain the yogh, but Gneuss argues (p. 17) that this is unnecessary, since editors have long since abandoned the special letter-forms for d, f, r, s, etc.


Edition and Translation

1 Changed to "Martianus" by another hand (Bately, p. 17 n. 2).

2 The Peterborough Chronicle also includes the traditional detail that the Germanic peoples first came aboard three ships: "7 hi ?oman on ? ceolum hider to Brytene" ("And they came in three ships here to Britain").

3 The Peterborough Chronicle has "Heopwinesfleot." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names explains: "Probably Heopwelles fleot 'the river Heopwell'. Heopwell means 'stream where hips grew'. The forms from ASC [The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle] are corrupt" (p. 159).
Peterborough also adds that Vortigern gave land to the Germanic peoples in return for their military service: "Se cyning Wyrtgeorn gef heom land on su?eastan ?um lande" ("Vortigern the king gave them land in the southeast of this land").

4 The first hand ends here; a different hand adds the subequent text. 449 is the last entry on this leaf, so the material added here is squeezed into the lower margin; this text, not surprisingly, is nearly illegible in some places.

5 Peterborough adds considerably to the end of this account (this additional material is from Bede's Ecclesiastical History). First it records the names of the two brothers, Hengest and Horsa (hitherto unnamed in Peterborough), then gives their genealogy: "Heora heretogan w?n twegen ge bro? Hengest 7 Horsa, ?w?n Wihtgilses suna. Wihtgils w?Witting, [Witting] Witta Wecting, Wecta Wodning. Fram ?Wodne awoc eall ure cyne cynn, 7 Su?ymbra eac." ("Their war-leaders were two brothers, Hengest and Horsa, that were sons of Wihtgils. Wihtgils was the son of Witta, Witta the son of Wecta, Wecta the son of Woden. Thusly did Woden engender all of our noble kin, and that of the Southumbrians as well"). The genealogy in the MS contains an obvious scribal error (repetition of "Witting").

6 As I have tried to indicate here using superscript, the word "to" is added above the line in the MS.

7 The "empire" referred to is the Roman Empire. Britain had been a Roman province since the first century of the Common Era, so many of the earlier Chronicle entries include references to Rome.

8 These two brothers are quasi-historical characters famous in early Germanic lore. Their names, no doubt, have a kind of mythological significance: "Hengest" means "stallion" and "Horsa" means "horse."

9 I.e., the Romano-Celtic inhabitants of the island.

10 See note 3 above.

11 "Pict" is the traditional name for a people that lived in what is now Scotland from roughly the third to ninth centuries. Little is known for certain about them. For a good overview of the evidence, see "Picts," Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol. 9, pp. 641-43.

12 Located in what is now the Schleswig-Holstein region in northwestern Germany.

13 I.e., the Germanic peoples.

14 This division of the Germanic peoples into the famous "three tribes" (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) is first found in Bede's account (see note 3 of the Introduction).

15 I.e., The Isle of Wight, a small island off the southern coast of England.

16 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names explains that Ayelesthrep "is probably an alternative name of Aylesford, meaning '?el's thorp'" (p. 20). "Thorp" means "[a] hamlet, village, or small town; in ME. esp. an agricultural village" (OED). Swanton notes that Aylesford was "[t]he ford on the River Medway in mid Kent, avoiding a defended Roman bridge to the north at Rochester" (p. 13, n. 9).







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